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Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human chattel slaverycomprising the enslavement primarily of Africans and African Americansthat existed in the United States of America from its founding in until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in dissertation holger burr Slavery was established throughout European colonization in the Americas. From early colonial daysit was practiced in Britain's coloniesincluding the Thirteen Colonies which formed the United States.
Under the law, an enslaved person was treated as property and could be bought, sold, dissertation holger burr, or given away. Slavery lasted in about half of U. states until As an economic system, slavery was largely replaced by sharecropping and convict leasing.
By the time of the American Revolution —the status of enslaved people had been institutionalized as a racial caste associated with African ancestry. The role of slavery under the U. Constitution was the most contentious issue during its drafting. Although the creators of the Constitution never used the word "slavery", the final document, through the three-fifths clausegave slave-owners disproportionate political power.
Some slaveowners, primarily in the Upper Southfreed their slaves, and philanthropists and charitable groups bought and freed others. The Atlantic slave trade was outlawed by individual states beginning during the American Revolution. The import-trade was banned dissertation holger burr Congress inalthough smuggling was common thereafter. The rapid expansion of the cotton industry in the Deep South after the invention of the cotton dissertation holger burr greatly increased demand for slave labor, dissertation holger burr, and the Southern states continued as slave societies.
The United States became ever more polarized over the issue of slavery, split into slave and free states. Driven by labor demands from new cotton plantations in the Deep South, the Upper South sold more than a million slaves who were taken to the Deep South. The total slave population in the South eventually reached four million, dissertation holger burr.
The new territories acquired by the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican Dissertation holger burr were the subject of major political crises and compromises. Bythe newly rich, cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Unionand tensions continued to rise. Slavery was defended in the South as a "positive good"and the largest religious denominations split over the slavery issue into regional organizations of the North and South.
When Abraham Lincoln won the election on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, seven slave states broke away to form the Confederacy. Shortly afterward, the Civil Dissertation holger burr began when Confederate forces attacked the U. Army's Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Four additional slave states then joined the confederacy after Lincoln requested arms from them to make a retaliatory strike. Due to Union measures such as the Confiscation Acts and the Emancipation Proclamation indissertation holger burr, the war effectively dissertation holger burr chattel slavery in most places.
Following the Union victory in Mayupon ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in Decemberchattel slavery was effectively ended any place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. InPonce de León established the Spanish settlement in Puerto Ricowhich used the native Taínos for labor. The Taínos were largely exterminated by war, dissertation holger burr, overwork and diseases brought by the Spanish.
Into supplement the dwindling Taíno population, the first enslaved African people were imported to Puerto Rico. The abolition of Indian slavery in with the New Laws increased the demand for African dissertation holger burr. A century and a half later, the British conducted enslaving raids in what is now Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida and possibly Alabama, dissertation holger burr.
The trade in Indian slaves was the most important factor affecting the South in the period to "; intertribal wars to capture slaves destabilized English colonies, Spanish Florida, and French Louisiana.
The first Africans enslaved within continental North America arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony most likely located in the Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolinafounded by Spanish explorer Dissertation holger burr Vázquez de Ayllón in De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterward of an epidemic and the colony was abandoned.
The settlers and the enslaved people who had not escaped returned to Santo Domingo. On August 28,St. Augustine, Florida was founded by the Spanish conquistador Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles and he brought three enslaved Africans with him. During the 16th and 17th centuries, St. Augustine was the hub of the trade in enslaved people in Spanish colonial Florida and the first permanent settlement in what would become the continental United States to include enslaved Africans.
Decades later, in the early years of the Chesapeake Bay settlements, colonial officials found it difficult to attract and retain laborers under the harsh frontier conditions, and there was a high mortality rate. The colonies had agricultural economies. These indentured laborers were often young people who intended to become permanent residents. In some cases, convicted criminals were transported dissertation holger burr the colonies as indentured laborers, dissertation holger burr, rather than being imprisoned.
The indentured laborers were not slaves, but dissertation holger burr required to work dissertation holger burr four to seven years in Virginia to pay the cost of their passage and maintenance. The first Africans to reach the colonies that England was struggling to establish were a group of some 20 enslaved people who arrived at Point Comfort, Virginia, near Jamestownin Augustbrought by British privateers who had seized them from a captured Portuguese slave ship.
Although it is possible that some of them were freed after a certain period, most of them remained enslaved for life. They were descendants of African women and Portuguese or Spanish men who worked in African ports as traders or facilitators in the trade of enslaved people. The transformation of the status of Africans, from indentured servitude to slaves in a racial caste which they could not leave or escape, happened over the next generation.
There were no laws regarding slavery early in Virginia's history, but ina Virginia court sentenced Dissertation holger burr Punchan African, to life in servitude after he attempted to flee his service, dissertation holger burr. InMassachusetts became the first colony to authorize slavery through enacted law. Colonists came to equate this term with Native Americans and Africans.
InJohn Casora black indentured servant in colonial Virginia, was the first man to be declared a slave in a civil case. He had claimed to an officer that his master, Anthony Johnsonhad held him past his indenture term. Johnson himself was a free blackwho had arrived in Virginia in from Angola. A neighbor, Robert Parker, told Johnson that if he did not release Casor, he would testify in court to this fact. Under local laws, Johnson was at risk for losing some dissertation holger burr his headright lands for violating the terms of indenture.
Under duress, Johnson freed Casor. Casor entered into a seven years' indenture with Parker. Feeling cheated, Johnson sued Parker to repossess Casor. A Northampton County, Virginia court ruled for Johnson, declaring that Parker illegally was detaining Casor from his rightful master who legally held him "for the duration of his life", dissertation holger burr.
During the colonial period, the status of enslaved people was affected by interpretations related to the status of foreigners in England. England had no system of naturalizing immigrants to its island or its colonies. Since persons of African origins were not English subjects by birth, they were among those peoples considered foreigners and generally outside English common law.
The colonies struggled with how to classify people born to foreigners and subjects. In Virginia, Elizabeth Key Grinsteada mixed-race woman, dissertation holger burr, successfully gained her freedom and that of her son in a challenge to her status by making her case as the baptized Christian daughter of the free Englishman Thomas Key.
Her attorney was an English subject, which may have helped her case. He was also the father of her mixed-race son, and the couple married after Key was freed. Inshortly after the Elizabeth Key trial and similar challenges, the Virginia royal colony approved a law adopting the principle of partus sequitur ventrem called partusfor shortstating that any children born in the colony would take the status of the mother.
A child of an enslaved mother would be born into slavery, regardless if the father were a freeborn Englishman or Christian, dissertation holger burr.
This was a reversal of common law practice in England, which ruled that children of English subjects took the status of the father. The change institutionalized the skewed power relationships between those who enslaved people and enslaved women, freed dissertation holger burr men from the legal responsibility to acknowledge or financially support their mixed-race children, dissertation holger burr, and somewhat confined the open scandal of mixed-race children and miscegenation to within the slave quarters.
InKing Charles II rechartered the Royal African Company it had initially been set up in as an English monopoly for the African slave and commodities trade. Inby statute, the English parliament opened the trade to all English subjects. The Virginia Slave codes of further defined as slaves those people imported from nations that were not Christian. Native Americans who were sold to colonists by other Native Americans from rival tribesor captured by Europeans during village raids, dissertation holger burr, were also defined as slaves.
Inthe Georgia Trustees enacted a law prohibiting slavery in the new colony, which had been established in to enable the "worthy poor" as well as persecuted European Protestants to dissertation holger burr a new start. Slavery was then legal in the other 12 English colonies.
Neighboring South Carolina had an economy based on the use of enslaved labor. The Georgia Trustees wanted to eliminate the risk of slave rebellions and make Georgia better able to defend against attacks from the Spanish to the south, who offered freedom to escaped enslaved people. James Edward Oglethorpe was the driving force behind the colony, and the only trustee to reside in Georgia.
He opposed slavery on moral grounds as well as for pragmatic reasons, and vigorously defended the ban on slavery against fierce opposition from Carolina merchants of enslaved people and land speculators.
The Protestant Scottish highlanders who settled what is now Darien, dissertation holger burr, Georgiaadded a moral anti-slavery argument, which became increasingly rare in the South, in their "Petition of the Inhabitants of New Inverness".
As economic conditions in England began to improve in the first half of the 18th century, workers had no reason to leave, especially to face the risks in the colonies. During most of the British colonial period, slavery existed in all the colonies.
People enslaved in the North typically worked as house servants, artisans, laborers and craftsmen, with the greater number in cities, dissertation holger burr.
Many men worked on the docks dissertation holger burr in shipping. Bythere wereblacks in a population of 2.
They were unevenly distributed: There were 14, in New England, where they were 2. The South developed an agricultural economy dependent on commodity crops. Its planters rapidly acquired a significantly higher number and proportion of enslaved people in the population overall, as its commodity crops were labor-intensive. Before then long-staple cotton was cultivated primarily on the Sea Islands of Georgia and South Carolina. The invention of the cotton gin in enabled the cultivation of short-staple cotton in a wide variety of mainland areas, leading to the development of large areas of the Deep South as cotton country in the 19th century.
Rice and tobacco cultivation were very labor-intensive, dissertation holger burr. They also worked in the artisanal trades on large plantations and in many Southern port cities. The later wave of settlers in the 18th century who settled along the Appalachian Mountains and backcountry were backwoods subsistence farmers, and they seldom held enslaved people. Some of the British colonies attempted to abolish the international slave tradefearing that the importation of new Africans would be disruptive.
Virginia bills to that effect were vetoed by the British Privy Council. Rhode Island forbade the import of enslaved people in
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